Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
Chemico-Biological Interactions, cilt.433, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
Pre-incubation formaldehyde (FA) fumigation of hatching eggs is widely used for microbial control, but its epigenetic effects in embryonic tissues remain poorly defined. We profiled DNA methylation in chicken embryo liver and skeletal muscle after commercial-dose FA exposure using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Sixteen libraries were generated (per tissue: control n = 4, FA n = 4), yielding about 1.80 billion clean reads with mapping rates of 88.1-89.9% and bisulfite conversion efficiencies of 99.4-99.7%. Global methylation landscapes were broadly preserved, yet FA induced extensive locus-specific remodeling dominated by CpG hypomethylation in both tissues. We identified 10,496 differentially methylated regions in liver and 10,487 in muscle, of which 83.4% and 91.2%, respectively, were hypomethylated. Functional enrichment indicated tissue-specific pathway reprogramming. In liver, CpG-associated genes were enriched in focal adhesion, tight junction, and major signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, Wnt, and insulin signaling. Hypermethylated genes were linked to glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, whereas hypomethylated genes were linked to protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and autophagy. In muscle, CpG-associated genes were enriched in autophagy and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, while hypermethylated genes mapped to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling and amino acid biosynthesis, and hypomethylated genes to fatty acid metabolism. In the CHH sequence context, muscle showed a clear metabolic shift, with hypermethylation of amino acid biosynthesis promoters and hypomethylation of catabolic energy pathways. These findings show that commercial-dose FA fumigation leaves tissue- and context-specific epigenetic imprints in embryonic liver and skeletal muscle.