Environmental risk assessment of selected pharmaceuticals in Turkey

OĞUZ M., MIHÇIOKUR H.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY, cilt.38, sa.1, ss.79-83, 2014 (SCI-Expanded) identifier identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 38 Sayı: 1
  • Basım Tarihi: 2014
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.05.012
  • Dergi Adı: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus
  • Sayfa Sayıları: ss.79-83
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Pharmaceuticals, Risk assessment, Predicted environmental concentration, Predicted noeffective environmental concentration, SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION, WASTE-WATER, LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY, SEWAGE, ANTIBIOTICS, RESIDUES, BIODEGRADABILITY, GENOTOXICITY, SUBSTANCES, RIVER
  • Erciyes Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

In this study, environmental risks of selected pharmaceuticals were investigated to assess potential hazards. Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Cefuroxime axetil, antibiotics, Benzalkoniuman antiseptic, Paracetamol, an analgesic, and Naproxen, an anti-inflammatory, were selected due to their high rate of usage in Turkey. Ciprofloxacin was found to have the highest risk due to its high PEC/PNEC ratio (28.636). Benzalkonium, Paracetamol and Clarithromycin have a potential to cause environmental hazards. The biodegradation and biological concentration factors (BCF) of the drugs were also determined using EP.A/STWIN and EPA/BCFVVIN programs. The results illustrated that these pharmaceuticals are nonbiodegradable in wastewater treatment plants. The BCFs of Benzalkonium and Clarithromycin were found to be very high, 70.79011kg and 56.490 L/kg, respectively. It was suggested that alternative treatment methods other than biological ones should be investigated for these pharmaceuticals because of their low biodegradability. Also, unnecessary use of antibiotics is supposed to be discouraged to reduce environmental hazards. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.