How facilitating is defense and health expenditures in achieving low carbon dioxide emissions: an application of quantile regression

BİLGİLİ F., Magazzino C., ÇOBANOĞULLARI G., Awan A., Khan K., KUŞKAYA S., ...More

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol.22, no.4, pp.2431-2446, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier identifier

  • Publication Type: Article / Article
  • Volume: 22 Issue: 4
  • Publication Date: 2025
  • Doi Number: 10.1007/s13762-024-05797-0
  • Journal Name: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
  • Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Agricultural & Environmental Science Database, Aqualine, Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Biotechnology Research Abstracts, CAB Abstracts, Compendex, Environment Index, Geobase, INSPEC, Pollution Abstracts, Veterinary Science Database
  • Page Numbers: pp.2431-2446
  • Keywords: Defense expenditures, Health expenditures, Environmental Kuznets curve, Quantile regression
  • Erciyes University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

The present study aims to connect two strands of literature that analyze the role of defense and health expenditures in environmental degradation. To this end, the study utilized a balanced panel data set comprising 27 European countries from 1995 to 2020. In addition, a novel and robust quantile-based regression method proposed by Machado and Silva (J Econom 213(1):145-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.04.009, 2019) is used. The findings confirmed a U-shaped and N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve in the presence of government spending on health and defense across all the quantile levels with heterogeneous coefficients. Health expenditures mitigate while defense expenditures upsurge carbon dioxide emissions. Based on the revealed quantile dynamics, the study suggests some policy implications for curbing environmental degradation in the European region.