A multifunctional g-C3N4@WO3 hybrid nanocomposite for integrated SPE-UPLC-DAD determination and photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride
RSC Advances, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1039/d6ra02586b
- Dergi Adı: RSC Advances
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Compendex, Directory of Open Access Journals
- Erciyes Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
The removal of pharmaceutically active compounds and synthetic dyes entering aquatic systems due to environmental pollution is of great importance. Furthermore, the reliable determination of these substances in various matrices is essential. In this study, we focused on the removal and trace-level determination of environmental pollutants by synthesizing a multifunctional hybrid nanomaterial. This study proposes a g-C3N4@WO3 multifunctional hybrid nanocomposite (MHNC) synthesized simply and cost-effectively according to a specific approach. The structure and morphology of the material were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The MHNC was developed for dual applications in solid-phase extraction (SPE) and photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl), a widely used antibiotic. Quantitative analyses were carried out using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system equipped with a diode-array detector (UPLC-DAD) and UV-vis spectrophotometry. The systematic optimisation of critical analytical parameters affecting SPE performance was conducted, including the sample solution pH, sample volume, type and volume of the elution solvent and sorbent amount. The newly developed SPE-UPLC-DAD method, after optimisation, was successfully applied to wastewater and synthetic urine samples, yielding recovery values in the range of 93.0–95.0%. The developed method was facile, fast, and inexpensive and also exhibited satisfactory precision and accuracy. The limits of detection (LODs) were determined to be 2.60 ng mL−1 for tetracycline HCl using UPLC-DAD and 0.69 ng mL−1 for methylene blue using UV-vis spectroscopy; the corresponding limits of quantification (LOQs) were calculated as 7.67 and 2.09 ng mL−1, respectively. Furthermore, under UV irradiation, the g-C3N4@WO3 MHNC achieved almost complete removal of tetracycline HCl within 150 minutes and that of methylene blue within 210 minutes. The g-C3N4@WO3 nanocomposite is reported, for the first time, as a dual-function platform for both SPE-UPLC-DAD determination and photocatalytic degradation. Unlike conventional approaches, the proposed system enables both trace-level determination and removal of organic contaminants from aqueous systems using a multifunctional hybrid nanocomposite.