Comparative Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite Extraction Methods from Chicken Bone Waste for Biomedical Design Applications

Zouri Y., Özmen Ö., Doğan M.

Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, cilt.29, sa.2, ss.709-719, 2026 (TRDizin)

Özet

This study compares eight extraction protocols for producing hydroxyapatite (HA) from chicken bone waste. Each method used a unique combination of preparation steps, such as separating bones by type, removing fat with acetone, and cleaning with hydrogen peroxide for different lengths of time, before heating the bones at 800–900 °C, as specified by the protocol. Separating the bone segments and applying chemical treatments together resulted in greater removal of organic material. The calcined powders showed clear differences in purity and color. The acetone + extended H₂O₂ treatment (Method H) produced the lightest and cleanest HA powder. FTIR analyses confirmed these results. In Method H, the loss of organic bands and the strong PO₄³⁻ vibrational peaks indicated the highest chemical purity. XRD and SEM analyses further confirmed that HA was the dominant phase in all powders, whereas Method H exhibited the highest crystallinity together with a submicron particle morphology characteristic of bone-derived HA. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Method H is the most effective approach for obtaining high-purity biogenic HA and suggest that this material may be a promising candidate for future biomedical design applications after further processing and validation, including polymer-based composites, tissue-mimicking structures, and other related biomedical systems.